Gross Weight

Gross weight is the total weight of an aircraft including its structure, fuel, fluids, crew, passengers, baggage, and cargo. Maximum allowable gross weight (maximum take-off weight — MTOW) is established by the aircraft’s type certificate and is a structural limit that must never be exceeded.

Gross Weight and Performance

Every performance parameter in the POH — take-off distance, climb rate, stall speed, range, endurance — is a function of gross weight. At higher weights: take-off distance increases, rate of climb decreases, stall speed increases, range may decrease. All performance planning must use the actual gross weight for the flight.

Weight and Balance

Gross weight compliance alone is not sufficient — the centre of gravity (CG) must also be within the certified envelope. A forward CG increases stick forces and reduces elevator authority; an aft CG reduces stability and can make the aircraft uncontrollable. Both weight and CG must be within limits for every flight.

Related Terms

See also: Density Altitude, Load Factor, Launch Weight.